NROL-48: SpaceX Launches Spy Satellites For US National Reconnaissance Office

SpaceX launched the NROL-48 mission on Monday, Sept. 22, from Vandenberg Space Force Base in California, deploying a new batch of reconnaissance satellites for the U.S. National Reconnaissance Office (NRO). The Falcon 9 rocket lifted off at 1738 UTC and completed its 18th flight for the first-stage booster, which safely landed back at Landing Zone 4 at Vandenberg approximately 7.5 minutes after liftoff, generating sonic booms heard in nearby areas.

The successful back-to-base landing at Vandenberg suggests the mission carried a lighter payload compared to those requiring drone ship recoveries, which are typically associated with heavier loads of 20 or more satellites.

This mission marked the 11th launch in the NRO’s "proliferated architecture" program, a strategy to enhance resilience and coverage through a large constellation of smaller satellites.

The NROL-48 mission is part of the NRO’s effort to modernize its space-based intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities by deploying a "proliferated architecture" that relies on numerous smaller, cost-effective satellites rather than a few large, expensive ones. This approach aims to provide faster data delivery, increased revisit rates, and greater resistance to adversarial interference. The constellation is expected to eventually include hundreds of satellites by 2029.

"To stay ahead of the competition and ensure it can continue to operate in a heightened threat environment, the NRO is modernizing its architecture in space and on the ground — delivering more capability faster with increased resilience," NRO officials said in a press kit about the proliferated architecture network, which you can find here.

"A greater number of satellites — large and small, government and commercial, in multiple orbits — will deliver an order of magnitude more signals and images than is available today," the officials added. "They will provide greater revisit rates, increased coverage, more timely delivery of information — and ultimately help us deliver more of what our customers need even faster."

While the NRO has not disclosed specific details about the payload, the satellites are widely believed to be Starshield spacecraft—modified versions of SpaceX’s Starlink satellites designed for government and national security use. These satellites are thought to be equipped with high-tech sensors for intelligence gathering.

The NROL-48 launch was the fifth proliferated architecture mission of 2025 and the second such mission to feature a return to Landing Zone 4.

This launch followed a Falcon 9 mission on September 21 that deployed 28 Starlink satellites from Florida, highlighting SpaceX’s high launch cadence. The NROL-48 mission was also the 18th flight for the recovered booster, which has previously supported missions including Crew-7, NASA’s EarthCARE, and multiple Starlink deployments.